{"id":1889,"date":"2020-12-29T12:53:29","date_gmt":"2020-12-29T12:53:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/asproworda.org\/?page_id=1889"},"modified":"2020-12-29T13:06:04","modified_gmt":"2020-12-29T13:06:04","slug":"working-papers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/asproworda.org\/?page_id=1889&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"WORKING PAPERS"},"content":{"rendered":"

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ID<\/th>Title<\/th>Abstract<\/th>Date <\/th>Download link<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1<\/td>ICT, Financial Access and Gender Inclusion in the Formal Economic Sector: Evidence from Africa<\/td>The study investigates the relevance of information and communication technology (ICT) in modulating the effect of financial access on female economic participation. Female economic participation is proxied by female labor force participation, financial access is measured with deposit and credit channels while ICT is proxied by mobile phone penetration, internet penetration and fixed broadband subscriptions. The focus of the study is on 48 African countries for the period 2004-2014 and the empirical evidence is based on Generalized Method of Moments. Policy thresholds are established at which, ICT modulates financial access to induce favourable effects on female economic participation. These policy thresholds are: (i) 160 mobile phone penetration (per 100 people) for the deposit channel and (ii) 2.166 and 0.75 fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 people for respectively, the deposit mechanism and credit channel. Overall the study supports the importance of ICT in moderating financial access for enhanced female economic participation<\/td>January 2018<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>Globalisation and Female Economic Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>This study assesses the relationship between globalisation and the economic participation of women (EPW) in 47 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1990-2013. EPW is measured with the female labour force participation and employment rates. The empirical evidence is based on Panel-corrected Standard Errors and Fixed Effects regressions. The findings show that the positive effect of the overall globalisation index on EPW is dampened by its political component and driven by its economic and social components, with a higher positive magnitude from the former or economic globalisation. For the most part, the findings are robust to the control for several structural and institutional characteristics. An extended analysis by unbundling globalisation shows that the positive incidence of social globalization is driven by information flow (compared to personal contact and cultural proximity) while the positive effect of economic globalisation is driven by actual flows (relative to restrictions). Policy implications are discussed with some emphasis on how to elevate women\u2019s social status and potentially reduce their victimisation to male dominance.<\/td>January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>How Enhancing Gender Inclusion Affects Inequality: Thresholds of Complementary Policies for Sustainable Development<\/td>This study investigates how enhancing gender inclusion affects inequality in 42 African countries for the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalized Method of Moments. Three inequality indicators are used, namely, the: Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Palma ratio. The two gender inclusion measurements used include female labour force participation and female employment. The following main findings are established. There are positive net effects on inequality from the enhancement of gender inclusion dynamics. An extended threshold analysis is used to assess critical masses at which further increasing gender inclusion enhances inequality. The established thresholds are: (i) 55.555 \u201cemployment to population ratio, 15+, female (%)\u201dfor the nexus with the Gini coefficient. (ii) 50 \u201clabor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+)\u201d and between 50 to 55 \u201cemployment to population ratio, 15+, female (%)\u201d, for the Atkinson index. (iii) 61.87 \u201clabor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+)\u201d for the Palma ratio.These established thresholds are worthwhile for sustainable development because, beyond the critical masses, policy makers should complement the gender inclusion policy with other measures designed to reduce income inequality. Some complementary measures that can be taken on board beyond the established thresholds could focus on enhancing, inter alia: information and communication technology, infrastructural development; financial inclusion and inclusive education.<\/td>January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>Inequality and gender economic inclusion: the moderating role of financial access in
\nSub-Saharan Africa
\n<\/td>		This study assesses how financial access can be used to modulate the effect of income
\ninequality on gender economic inclusion. The focus is on 42 countries in sub-Saharan Africa
\n(SSA) for the period 2004-2014 and the empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method
\nof Moments (GMM) and Fixed Effects (FE) regressions. Significant results are not apparent
\nin the FE regressions. The following main findings are established from the GMM
\nestimations. There is a negative net effect from the role of financial access in modulating the
\neffect of the Palma ratio on female labour force participation while there is a positive net
\neffect from the relevance of financial access in moderating the effect of the Gini coefficient
\non female unemployment. There are also net negative effects from the role of financial access
\nin modulating the Gini coefficient and the Palma ratio for female employment. The
\nunexpected findings are elucidated and implications are discussed in the light of challenges to
\nSustainable Development Goals in the sub-region. Inter alia: financial access is a necessary
\nbut not a sufficient moderator of income inequality for the enhancement of women\u2019s
\nparticipation in the formal economic sector.<\/td>		January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>Inequality and Gender Inclusion: Minimum ICT Policy Thresholds for Promoting
\nFemale Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>		The study assesses how ICT modulates the effect of inequality on female economic
\nparticipation in a panel of 42 countries in sub-Saharan Africa over the period 2004-2014.
\nThree inequality indicators are used, namely: the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the
\nPalma ratio. The adopted ICT indicators are mobile phone penetration, internet penetration
\nand fixed broadband subscriptions. Three gender economic inclusion indicators are also used
\nfor the analysis, namely: female labour force participation, female unemployment and female
\nemployment. The Generalised Method of Moments is employed as empirical strategy. The
\nfindings show that enhancing ICT beyond certain thresholds is necessary for ICT to mitigate
\ninequality in order to enhance gender economic participation. First, for female labour force
\nparticipation, a minimum threshold of 165.714 mobile phone penetration per 100 people is
\nrequired for the Palma ratio. Second, minimum ICT thresholds for the reduction of female
\nunemployment are: (i) 87.783, 107.486 and 152.500 mobile phone penetration per 100 people
\nfor respectively, the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio; (ii) 39.618
\ninternet penetration per 100 people for the Atkinson index and (iii) 4.500 fixed broadband
\nsubscriptions for the Palma ratio. Third, the corresponding ICT thresholds for the promotion
\nof female employment are: (i) 120.369 and 85.533 mobile phone penetration per 100 people
\nfor respectively, the Gini coefficient and the Atkinson index and (ii) 30.005 internet
\npenetration per 100 people for the Gini coefficient. The established thresholds make economic
\nsense and can be feasibly implemented by policy makers in order to induce favourable effects
\non gender economic inclusion dynamics.<\/td>		January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>Inequality Thresholds, Governance and Gender Economic Inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>Inequality and gender economic exclusion are major policy concerns facing sub-Saharan
\nAfrica in the post-2015 development agenda. The study provides critical masses of inequality
\nthat should not be exceeded if governance is to promote gender economic participation. The
\nresearch focuses on 42 countries in sub-Saharan Africa using annual data spanning from 2004
\nto 2014. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalized Method of Moments. The
\nfollowing findings are established. First, inequality (i.e. the Gini coefficient) levels that
\ncompletely nullify the positive effect of governance on female labour force participation are
\n0.708 for political stability, 0.601 for voice & accountability, 0.588 for government
\neffectiveness, 0.631 for regulatory quality, 0.612 for the rule of law, and 0.550 for corruptioncontrol. Second, inequality thresholds at which female unemployment can no longer be
\nmitigated by governance channels include: 0.561 (for political stability) and 0.465 (for the
\nrule of law). Third, inequality levels that completely dampen the positive impact of
\ngovernance on female employment are 0.608 for political stability, 0.580 for voice &
\naccountability, 0.581 for government effectiveness, and 0.557 for the rule of law. As the main
\npolicy implication, for good governance to promote gender economic inclusion, inequality
\nlevels should not exceed established thresholds.<\/td>		January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>Inequality, Information Technology and Inclusive Education in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>This study examines linkages between inequality, information and communication technology
\n(ICT) and inclusive education in order to establish inequality thresholds that should not be
\nexceeded in order for ICT to promote inclusive education in 42 countries in sub-Saharan
\nAfrica for the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalized Method
\nof Moments. The following findings are established. First, a Gini coefficient and an Atkinson
\nindex of respectively, 0.400 and 0.625 are income inequality thresholds that should not be
\nexceeded in order for internet penetration to positively influence inclusive education. Second,
\na Gini coefficient, an Atkinson index and a Palma ratio of respectively, 0.574, 0.676 and
\n9.000 are thresholds of income inequality that if exceeded, fixed broadband subscriptions will
\nno longer positively affect inclusive education. As a main policy implication, the established
\ninequality thresholds should not be exceeded in order for ICT to promote inclusive education
\nin sampled countries. Other implications in the light of Sustainable Development Goals
\n(SDGs) are discussed.<\/td>		January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>Sustaining cultural tourism through higher female participation in Nigeria: the role of
\ncorporate social responsibility in oil host communities<\/td>		This paper adds to the gender discourse in sustainable African tourism development from the
\ncorporate social responsibility (CSR) perspective. Specifically, we examine the impact of
\nCSR on the development of rural women in cultural tourism. A total of 600 rural women
\nwere sampled across the Niger Delta. Results from the use of a logit model indicate a
\nsignificant relationship between CSR and cultural tourism development in oil host
\ncommunities in Nigeria. This implies that CSR of a multinational oil company (MOC) is a
\ncritical factor for sustaining cultural tourism. The findings suggest increased female
\nparticipation in General Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) interventions of MOC and
\nthe need to pay close attention to which extent the participation of rural women in the GMoU
\nprojects may be limited by cultural and traditional obstacles.
\n<\/td>		January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>The Impact of CSR Interventions on Female Education Development in the Rural Niger
\nDelta Region of Nigeria<\/td>		The objective of this investigation was to assess the impact of multinational oil companies\u2019
\n(MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) interventions in female education programmes
\nin the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. A total of 800 rural women were sampled across the
\nregion. The results from the logit model showed that rural women depended on CSR
\ninterventions of MOCs to address some of the logistical and cultural challenges associated
\nwith women\u2019s access to post-secondary education in local communities. However, despite the
\nsignificant success in supporting education initiatives generally, none of the scholarships
\ntarget females specifically, and compared to men, the low level of human capital in rural
\nwomen has persisted. This implies that if CSR interventions are not tailored to enhance
\ngender diversity and promote economic opportunities for women alongside education, they
\nmay perpetuate the obstruction of women\u2019s participation in economic, political and social
\ndevelopment. By extension, this could delay the reduction of poverty and attainment of
\nSustainable Development Goals in the Niger Delta region.<\/td>		January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>Thresholds of income inequality that mitigate the role of gender inclusive education in
\npromoting gender economic inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>		This study provides thresholds of inequality that should not be exceeded if gender inclusive
\neducation is to enhance gender inclusive formal economic participation in sub-Saharan
\nAfrica. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments and data
\nfrom 42 countries during the period 2004-2014. The following findings are established. First,
\ninclusive tertiary education unconditionally promotes gender economic inclusion while the
\ninteraction between tertiary education and inequality is unfavourable to gender economic
\ninclusion. Second, a Gini coefficient that nullifies the positive incidence of inclusive tertiary
\neducation on female labour force participation is 0.562. Second, the Gini coefficient and the
\nPalma ratio that crowd-out the negative unconditional effects of inclusive tertiary education
\non female unemployment are 0.547 and 6.118, respectively. Third, a 0.578 Gini coefficient, a
\n0.680 Atkinson index and a 6.557 Palma ratio are critical masses that wipe-out the positive
\nunconditional effects of inclusive tertiary education on female employment. Findings
\nassociated with lower levels of education are not significant. As the main policy implication,
\nincome inequality should not be tolerated above the established thresholds in order for gender
\ninclusive education to promote gender inclusive formal economic participation. Other
\nimplications are discussed in the light of Sustainable Development Goals. This research
\ncomplements the existing literature by providing inequality thresholds that should not be
\nexceeded in order for gender inclusive education to promote the involvement of women in the
\nformal economic sector.<\/td>		January 2019<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>Finance, Governance and Inclusive Education in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>This research assesses the importance of credit access in modulating governance for gender
\ninclusive education in 42 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with data spanning the period 2004-
\n2014. The Generalized Method of Moments is employed as empirical strategy. The following
\nfindings are established. First, credit access modulates government effectiveness and the rule
\nof law to induce positive net effects on inclusive \u201cprimary and secondary education\u201d. Second,
\ncredit access also moderates political stability and the rule of law for overall net positive
\neffects on inclusive secondary education. Third, credit access complements government
\neffectiveness to engender an overall positive impact on inclusive tertiary education. Policy
\nimplications are discussed with emphasis on Sustainable Development Goals.
\n<\/td>		January 2020<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>Finance, inequality and inclusive education in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>This research complements the extant literature by establishing inequality critical masses that
\nshould not be exceeded in order for financial access to promote gender parity inclusive
\neducation in Sub-Saharan Africa. The focus is on 42 countries in the sub-region and the data
\nis for the period 2004-2014. The estimation approach is the Generalized Method of Moments.
\nWhen remittances are involved in the conditioning information set, the Palma ratio should not
\nexceed 6.000 in order for financial access to promote gender parity inclusive \u201cprimary and
\nsecondary education\u201d and the Atkinson index should not exceed 0.695 in order for financial
\naccess to promote inclusive tertiary education. However, when the internet is involved in the
\nconditioning information set, it is established that in order for financial access to promote
\ninclusive primary and secondary education, the: (i) Gini coefficient should not exceed 0.571;
\n(ii) Atkinson index should not be above 0.750 and (iii) Palma ratio should be maintained
\nbelow 8.000. Irrespective of variable in the conditioning information set, what is apparent is
\nthat inequality decreases the incidence of financial access on inclusive education. Hence, a
\ncommon policy measure is to reduce inequality in order to promote inclusive education using
\nthe financial access mechanism. Policy implications are discussed in the light of Sustainable
\nDevelopment Goals.<\/td>		January 2020<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>Globalization and Female Economic Participation in MINT and BRICS countries<\/td>This study examines the effect of globalization on female economic participation (FEP) in MINT
\n(Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria & Turkey) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa)
\ncountries between 2004 and 2018. Four measures of globalization are employed and sourced
\nfrom KOF globalization index, 2018, while the female labour force participation rate is a proxy
\nfor FEP. The empirical evidence is based on Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators. The
\nfindings of the PMG estimator from the Panel ARDL method reveal that political and overall
\nglobalization in MINT and BRICS countries have a positive impact on FEP, whereas social
\nglobalization exerts a negative impact on FEP in the long-run. It is observed that economic
\nglobalization has no long-run effect on FEP. Contrarily, all the measures of globalization posit
\nno short-run effect on FEP in the short-run. This supports the argument that globalization has no
\nimmediate effect on FEP. Thus, it is recommended that both MINT and BRICS countries should
\nfind a way of improving the process of globalization generally to empower women to be
\ninvolved in economic activities. This study complements the extant literature by focusing on how
\nglobalization dynamics influence FEP in the MINT and BRICS countries.<\/td>		August 2020<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>Governance, Inequality and Inclusive Education in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>The study provides thresholds of income inequality that if exceeded will nullify the positive
\neffect of governance dynamics on gender-inclusive education in 42 countries in sub-Saharan
\nAfrica for the period 2004-2014. The Generalised Method of Moments is used as an
\nestimation strategy. The following findings are established. First, the unconditional effects of
\ngovernance dynamics on inclusive education are consistently positive whereas the
\ncorresponding conditional effects from the interaction between inequality and governance
\ndynamics are consistently negative. Second, the levels of inequality that completely crowdout the positive incidence of governance on inclusive \u201cprimary and secondary education\u201d are:
\n0.587 for the rule of law and 0.565 for corruption-control. Third, the levels of inequality that
\ncompletely dampen the positive incidence of governance on inclusive \u201csecondary education\u201d
\nare: 0.601 for \u201cvoice & accountability\u201d and 0.700 for regulation quality. Fourth, for tertiary
\neducation, inequality thresholds are respectively 0.568 for political stability and 0.562 for
\ncorruption-control. The main policy implication is that for governance dynamics to promote
\ninclusive education in the sampled countries, income inequality levels should be kept within
\nthe established thresholds. Other implications are discussed in the light of Sustainable
\nDevelopment Goals.<\/td>		January 2020<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>Inclusive Education for Inclusive Economic Participation: the Financial Access
\nChannel<\/td>		Purpose \u2013 The study assesses how inclusive education affects inclusive economic
\nparticipation through the financial access channel.
\nDesign\/methodology\/approach \u2013 The focus is on 42 sub-Saharan African countries with data
\nfor the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of
\nMoments.
\nFindings \u2013 The following findings are established. First, inclusive secondary education
\nmoderates financial access to exert a positive net effect on female labour force participation.
\nSecond, inclusive \u201cprimary and secondary school education\u201d and inclusive tertiary education
\nmodulate financial access for a negative net effect on female unemployment. Third, inclusive
\nsecondary education and inclusive tertiary education both moderate financial access for an
\noverall positive net effect on female employment. In order to provide more gender
\nmacroeconomic management policy options, inclusive education thresholds for
\ncomplementary policies are provided and discussed.
\nOriginality\/value \u2013 Policy implications are discussed in the light of challenges of economic
\ndevelopment in the sub-region and Sustainable Development Goals.<\/td>		January 2020<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>Promoting female economic inclusion for tax performance in Sub-Saharan Africa<\/td>This study explores whether female economic inclusion enhances tax performance in a sample of
\n48 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2018. The study\u2019s empirical evidence is based
\non the generalized method of moments in order to account for endogeneity concerns. Three tax
\nperformance measurements are used, notably, total taxes revenue excluding social contributions,
\nreported tax revenue derived from natural resources sources, and total non-resource tax revenue.
\nThree female inclusion indicators are used, namely, female employment in industry, female
\nlabour force participation, and female employment. The following empirical evidences are
\ndocumented; (i) There is a negative net effect from the enhancement of female employment in
\nthe industry on the total tax revenue. (ii) There is a positive net effect of female employment in
\nthe industry on the non-resource taxes. An extended threshold analysis is performed to establish
\nthe critical masses that could further influence tax performance positively. The following
\nthresholds are established. (i) a minimum of 15.35 \u201cemployment in industry, female (% of
\nfemale employment)\u201d for the total tax revenue and (ii) a maximum of 23.75 \u201cemployment in
\nindustry, female (% of female employment)\u201d for the non-resource tax revenue. These critical
\nmasses are crucial for sustainable development because, below or beyond these thresholds,
\npolicy makers should complement the female economic inclusion with other economic measures
\ndesigned to improve tax performance in Sub-Saharan Africa.<\/td>		January 2020<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>The Comparative Economics of Financial Access in Gender Economic Inclusion<\/td>The study has investigated the comparative importance of financial access in promoting
\ngender inclusion in African countries. Gender inclusion is proxied by the female labour
\nparticipation rate while financial channels include: financial system deposits and private
\ndomestic credit. The empirical evidence is based on non-contemporary Fixed Effects
\nregressions. In order to provide more implications on comparative relevance, the dataset is
\ncategorised into income levels (middle income versus (vs.) low income); legal origins (French
\ncivil law vs. English common law); religious domination (Islam vs. Christianity); openness to
\nsea (coastal vs. landlocked); resource-wealth (oil-poor vs. oil-rich) and political stability
\n(stable vs. unstable). Six main hypotheses are tested, notably, that middle income, English
\ncommon law, Christianity, coastal, oil-rich and stable countries enjoy better levels of
\n\u201cfinancial access\u201d-induced gender inclusion compared to respectively, low income, French
\ncivil law, Islam, landlocked, oil-poor and unstable countries. All six tested hypothesis are
\nvalidated. This is the first study on the comparative importance of financial access in gender
\neconomic participation.<\/td>		January 2020<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>Women political empowerment and vulnerability to climate change:
\nevidence from developing countries<\/td>		The objective of this article is to analyze the effect of the political empowerment of women
\non vulnerability to climate change in 169 countries for the period 1995-2017. The empirical
\nevidence which is based on panel fixed effects regressions shows that: i) the political
\nempowerment of women as well as its components (i.e. civil liberties of women, participation
\nof women in civil society and participation of women in political debates) reduce
\nvulnerability to climate change. ii) The underlying effect is most pronounced in upper middle
\nincome, Latin American, small and fragile countries. iii) Public spending on education, the
\neffectiveness of governance and education are the real transmission channels through which
\nvulnerability to climate change is affected by women\u2019s political empowerment. The findings
\nare robust to alternative estimation methods such as the Tobit, the dynamic fixed effects, and
\nthe generalized method of moments regressions. Policy implications are discussed, inter alia,
\nthe need for sampled countries to encourage women's political empowerment in order to
\nreduce risks linked to climate change.<\/td>		Febuary 2021<\/td>Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/p>\n

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